Aninspirational scientist and international leader in stem cell research, who was named Australian of the Year in 2017, GriffithProfessorEmeritusAlan Mackay-Simhas been awardedMember (AM) in the general division of the Order of Australia in theQueen’s Birthday 2021 Honours List, forhissignificant service to tertiary education, and to biomedical science.
In 1987, Professor Mackay-SimAMcame to Griffith University with a research focus on the olfactory organ responsible for the sense of smell.
Professor Mackay-Sim during his career at Griffith University.
It took 20 years for the research to lead to a successful world-first human clinical trial in Brisbane, Professor Mackay-Sim and his team proving that transplanting nasal cells into the spinal cord was safe.
During this time, he served as Director of the National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research at Griffith University for more than a decade.
Other Griffith staff, alumni and supportershonouredin theQueen’s Birthday 2021 Listincludephilanthropist,businessmanand architectSoheil AbedianAM,recognisedfor hissignificant service to the community, and to the property development sector.
Dr Abedian, who is a Doctor of the University (DUniv), and his wife Anne are long-term supporters of Griffith University, with a focus on helping talented students experiencing adversity through life-changing scholarships.
Others to be awardedMember (AM) in the general division of the Order of Australia include:
Associate ProfessorKate CopelandAM– for significant service to health infrastructure planning and management.Ms Copeland is an Adjunct Associate Professor for the School of Medicine and Dentistry.
Professor Emeritus David CarterAM — for significant service to tertiary education, and to cultural and literary studies. Professor Carterwas employed within the Faculty of Humanities between 1987 and 2000.
JohnKotzasAM—for significant service to the performing arts as an administrator and artistic director.MrKotzasis a Doctor of the University (DUNiv) and a currentmember of the QueenslandConservatorium Advisory Board.
Harvey ListerAM–for significant service to the arts, tourism, sport, and to the venue management and events industries.MrListeris a Doctor of the University (DUniv).
ProfessorEmeritusToni MakkaiAM–for significant service to tertiary education, and to public administration.ProfessorMakkaiisChair ofGriffith Criminology InstituteAdvisoryBoard.
WayneKratzmannAM– for significant service to the visual and performing arts, and to education.MrKratzmannis a donor to the Queensland Conservatorium.
Griffithcommunity memberswho have been named an Officer(AO) in the general division of theOrder of Australia include:
The Hon JusticeDrIanFreckeltonQCAO – law adjunct prof and outstanding alumnus 2019 – for distinguished service to the law, and to the legal profession, across fields including health, medicine and technology.Hon JusticeFreckeltonis an Adjunct ProfessoratGriffith Law School andwas Arts, Education and Law’s Outstanding Alumnus in 2019.
Philip BaconAO–for distinguished service to the arts, to social and culturalorganisations, and through support for young artists.MrBaconis a Doctor of the University (DUniv)andformer member ofthe QueenslandConservatorium Advisory Board.
DrBridget CartyAO– for distinguished service to people who are deaf or hard of hearing, to education and research, and to the community.Dr Carty was a Research Fellowfor the Centrefor Deafness Studies from 1988—2000.
An Industry Fellow with Griffith Asia Institute, Major General Adam Findlay AO was named an Officer(AO) in the military division of the Order of Australia. He received the award for his distinguished service and exceptional leadership as Special Operations Commander Australia, Commander Special Operations Joint Task Force – Iraq, and Commander of the 7th Brigade.
Thoserecognisedwith a medal(OAM) of theOrder of Australia in the general division include:
Griffith alumnus Beny Bol
Beny Bol OAM – for service to youth. Mr Bol is a Griffith Law School alumnus.
Matthew HickeyOAM–for service to music, and to the law.Mr Hickey is a Queensland Conservatorium alumnus and a member of the Queensland Conservatorium Advisory Board.
SandraDoumanyOAM–for service to the community of the Gold Coast.MsDoumanyis a benefactor fortheInstitute for Glycomicsand a member of theGlycomicsCircle.
Vice Chancellor and President Professor Carolyn Evanscongratulatedall Griffith recipientsofQueen’sBirthdayHonourson their well-deservedhonours.
“This recognition ofcurrent and former membersofGriffith, our donors and associatesisa testament to the important impact that our colleagues have in the community,” Professor Evans said.
“I am delighted to see theireffortsrecognisedin this way.”
Decreasing the number of medication-related hospital admissions is the aim of a $2.5 million Medical Research Future Fund project co-led by Griffith University and QUT.
The three-year collaborative study will use health record data to automate the detection of medicine safety issues before harm occurs.
“In Australia, 250,000 hospital admissions and 400,000 emergency presentations per year are due to potentially preventable medication-related hospitalisations,” said Dr Jean Spinks from Griffith University’s Centre for Applied Health Economics.
“Medicine safety can be targeted in primary care by identifying people at greatest risk, undertaking interventions in a timely way and ensuring the health workforce can resolve problems before harm occurs.”
Pharmacists, working collaboratively with GPs, Primary Health Networks and Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHO’s), will systematically address issues such as under prescribing, over prescribing or incomplete therapeutic monitoring.
Professor Lisa Nissen from QUT School of Clinical Sciences says an important part of the trial is the co-design of the intervention with both consumers and health practitioners.
“This is something new for consumers, pharmacists and GPs, so it is important to ensure that these groups have input into how the intervention will work,” Professor Nissen said.
“One group we are particularly focused on is Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, who use a lot of medication for chronic disease and may have reduced access to healthcare.”
Co-led by Dr Jean Spinks (Griffith University) and Professor Lisa Nissen (QUT), the collaborative study includes the Centre for Health Economics, Monash University and the Department of General Practice, Melbourne University with key partner organisations: Australian Digital Health Agency, Brisbane South Primary Health Network, the National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO), MedAdvisor, the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia and the Pharmacy Guild of Australia.
Living through a global pandemic over the past year has seen all of us expanding our vocabularies. We now understand terms like PPE, social distancing and contact tracing.
But just when perhaps we thought we had a handle on most of the terminology, we’re faced with another set of new words: mutation, variant and strain.
So, what do they mean?
The genetic material of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, is called ribonucleic acid (RNA). To replicate, and therefore establish infection, SARS-CoV-2 RNA must hijack a host cell and use the cell’s machinery to duplicate itself.
Errors often occur during the process of duplicating the viral RNA. This results in viruses that are similar but not exact copies of the original virus. These errors in the viral RNA are called mutations, and viruses with these mutations are called variants. Variants could differ by a single or many mutations.
Not all mutations have the same effect. To understand this better, we need to understand the basics of our genetic code (DNA for humans; RNA for SARS-CoV-2). This code is like a blueprint on which all organisms are built. When a mutation occurs at a single point, it won’t necessarily change any of the building blocks (called amino acids). In this case, it won’t change how the organism (human or virus) is built.
On occasion though, these single mutations occur in a part of the virus RNA that causes a change in a particular building block. In some cases, there could be many mutations that together alter the building block.
A variant is referred to as a strain when it shows distinct physical properties. Put simply, a strain is a variant that is built differently, and so behaves differently, to its parent virus. These behavioural differences can be subtle or obvious.
For example, these differences could involve a variant binding to a different cell receptor, or binding more strongly to a receptor, or replicating more quickly, or transmitting more efficiently, and so on.
“Essentially, all strains are variants, but not all variants are strains.”
Viruses with mutations become variants. If the variant displays different physical properties to the original virus, we call it a new strain. Lara Herrero, created using BioRender, Author provided
Common variants (which are also strains)
Three of the most common SARS-CoV-2 variants are what we’ve come to know as the UK variant (B.1.1.7), the South African variant (B.1.351) and the Brazilian variant (P.1). Each contains several different mutations.
Let’s look at the UK variant as an example. This variant has a large number of mutations in the spike protein, which aids the virus in its effort to invade human cells.
The increased transmission of the UK variant is believed to be associated with a mutation called N501Y, which allows SARS-CoV-2 to bind more readily to the human receptor ACE2, the entry point for SARS-CoV-2 to a wide range of human cells.
This variant is now widespread in more than 70 countries, and has recently been detected in Australia.
While we commonly call it the “UK variant” (which it is), it’s also a strain because it displays different behaviours to the parental strain.
We’ve got lots more to learn
There is some confusion around how best to use these terms. Given all strains are variants (but not all variants are strains), it makes sense the term variant is more common. But when the science shows these variants behave differently, it would be more accurate to call them strains.
The big question everyone is asking at the moment is how the new variants and strains will affect the efficacy of our COVID-19 vaccines.
The scientific community is uncovering more information about emerging mutations, variants and strains all the time, and leading vaccine developers are testing and evaluating the efficacy of their vaccines in this light.
Some recently licensed vaccines appear to protect well against the UK variant but recent data from Novavax, Johnson & Johnson and Oxford/AstraZeneca indicates possible reduced protection against the South African variant.
Health authorities in South Africa recently paused their rollout of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine for this reason. However, it’s too early to tell what impact, if any, this will have on Australia’s vaccine plans.
The vaccine rollout in Australia will assess all information as it comes to light and ensure optimal available protection for the population.
Authors
Dr Lara Herrero is a scientifically and medically trained NHMRC Research Fellow, studying the glycobiology of vector borne diseases with a focus on mosquito-transmitted viruses. She obtained her PhD in 2008 studying human enteroviruses at the University of Western Australia/Telethon Kids Institute, before spending time in industry as a Senior Research officer at Phylogica Ltd (PYC Therapeutics Ltd). Whereas this was a productive period in terms of gaining industry experience and developing an interest and expertise in target discovery and early-stage commercialisation, Dr Herrero decided to return to academic research as a research fellow at the University of Canberra researching alphaviral arthritis, a topic true to her heart having struggled with Ross River virus arthralgia herself.
In late 2010, Dr Herrero moved to the Institute for Glycomics at Griffith University where she developed her current research interest: how carbohydrates on viruses and cells affect pathogenesis. Dr Herrero is currently a Research Leader at the Institute for Glycomics where she run a lab of four full time members, including a Post-Doctoral researcher and three PhD students.
Eugene Madzokere is a final year PhD Candidate in Virology at the Institute for Glycomics located at Griffith University.
He studies and researches the serological prevalence of viruses;
the emergence, extinction, and phylogenetic, evolutionary and spatio-temporal relationship of viruses; constraints (e.g. selection pressure, mutation and recombination) and biases on virus evolution; geographical and epidemiological hot-spots of disease burden; influences of climate and land-use changes on dispersal of prominent viral mosquito vectors; new genomic targets for antivirals and,
methods for controlling viral disease spread.
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Last year I found my dry cleaner sewing by the light of a single lamp in his darkened store, in a scene reminiscent of an 18th-century still-life oil painting. Only in that moment did I fully grasp the meaning of the words “the economic cost of COVID-19”. It was during Melbourne’s first lockdown, and I write this article during yet another, from which some local businesses will not emerge, no matter when the Chief Medical Officer declares it is over.
It’s all about adjusting—not resisting
In the middle of the day and the late evening, I hear the until-now extremely rare sound of total silence in my inner-city street. Every morning as I sip my coffee in my office/bedroom/drying room and gaze blearily out the window, I see a masked man jogging by, pushing a military-grade baby stroller. After that, it’s various walkers, the odd delivery van. For me, there’s a trip to the shops perhaps, and/or one hour of mandated exercise. Then… well, that’s it, really.
Resilience is a word until it isn’t. Being stuck in Brunswick for weeks on end is better than being dead in Brazil, caught in a riot in the United States, or stranded in Bonkers Brexit Britain. Australia is the Lucky Country still and knows how to deal with disaster (having created a few of them in the past itself). With some choice exceptions—like the bloke who drove to Wodonga to buy a Big Mac (it cost him $1,652)—Melburnians have observed Stage 4 restrictions faithfully. The infection rate is coming down, but damage has been done, not only economically but socially and psychologically. Nothing will be the same after COVID-19. On the phone to a Sydney friend the other day, there was the usual Emerald City scoffing at this. So, let me say it again: nothing will be the same after COVID-19. Even using the phrase “after COVID-19” feels optimistic, since we are in this pandemic still and, all quack cures to the contrary, likely to remain so for some time.
The political sociologist Wolfgang Streeck writes, “Resilience is [a] term on the rise, having recently been imported into social science from bacteriology, engineering and psychology … [I]t is used both for the capacities of individuals and groups to withstand the onslaught of neoliberalism, and for the ability of neoliberalism as a social order … to persist in spite of its theoretical poverty and practical failure … Note that resilience is not resistance, but more or less voluntary, adaptive adjustment.”
I don’t think my drycleaner thought he was adaptively adjusting. He just couldn’t afford his power bills. He didn’t want to let his business slide, but from the look on his face that’s what was beginning to happen. Since the end of what economists call the Great Moderation—the years 1986 to 2006—Australians have had a lot to be resilient about. Our Gini coefficient—the international measure of inequality—has increased, growth has slowed, wages have stagnated, and a quarter of the workforce is casually employed, one of the highest percentages in the world. Fixed-term contract employment boosts this figure, with the result that less than half of us have the sort of full-time permanent jobs that would cushion the worst effects of the COVID-19 shutdown.
No wonder the federal government moved quickly to bring in its JobKeeper legislation and double JobSeeker entitlements. It had no choice. Any delay would have meant unspeakable hardship for millions of Australians.
More than a state of mind
Where to from here? As these questions are thrashed out in the political arena, businesses like my drycleaners (two employees: him and his brother) face not only the impact of COVID-19 now but also uncertainty about the future these catastrophes always create. Here, we must distinguish between three different kinds of resilience—personal, community and systemic—rather than clump them together into one, all-encompassing state of mind.
Personal resilience is defined by the American Psychological Association as “the process of [individuals] adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or significant sources of stress”. Clearly, a good thing. Community resilience is described by the RAND Corporation as “a measure of the sustained ability of a community to utilise available resources to respond to, withstand and recover from adverse situations”. Ditto, self-evidently good.
Systemic resilience is another story. “Resilience is the capacity of a system to anticipate, adapt, and reorganise itself under conditions of adversity in ways that promote and sustain its successful functioning,” says social researcher Michael Ungar. “That capacity, though, is seldom a trait of the system itself, but instead the result of facilitative interactions with cooccurring, subordinate, and supraordinate systems that make it possible for … its parts to function well during and after a disturbance.”
In plain English: “because people make it so”. Personal and community resilience is a quality we discover in ourselves when facing exceptional circumstances. Systemic resilience is the result of our daily support for the system of which we are members. If that support falters—if it degenerates into chronic social violence, for example, or a poisonous fog of conspiracy theories, as in the US and parts of Europe—then we will face problems that the other kinds of resilience simply cannot fix.
The alternative to systemic resilience isn’t systemic collapse, it’s systemic change. In a recent interview with Kerry O’Brien for Griffith University’s A Better Future for Allseries, ACTU Secretary Sally McManus was asked a question about the high rate of casualisation of Australia’s workforce. She responded:
“For a long time, even those people in insecure work normalise[d] it, especially younger people who know nothing else … People could cobble together several casual jobs to put together a living wage. No one liked that but it was possible to do. All of sudden the pandemic comes along and there’s been two brutal realities … First, people were let go immediately. Because you don’t have any job security if you’re a casual worker. Second, because [casual workers] don’t have the same set of rights as everyone else, like sick leave … they were going to work sick … Those two things together—the mass experience of losing a job overnight and having to survive in a pandemic with no leave entitlements—has [shown] … the whole of Australia just how wrong it is … that one in three workers are in this situation.”
As Melbourne’s local businesses like my drycleaner come back to life after six weeks of COVID-19 shutdown (longer for some), and the rest of Australia manages the risk of the virus long-term, the question facing the country is not “can we get through this pandemic?”, because the answer to that is an emphatic “yes”. The question is: what do we need to change so that when adversity strikes again—be it health emergency, bushfire, or economic downturn—we have strengthened the system itself? Let’s make that resilient so we don’t have to be.
Author
Professor Julian Meyrick from Griffith University’s School of Arts and Humanities regularly publishes on Australian culture and cultural policy, and has written 83 articles for The Conversation. He is the director of many award-winning theatre productions.
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We’ve entered 2021 having lived through unimaginable disruption and facing much more, we might well ask ourselves: Will COVID-19 cause a fundamental reimagining of our relationship with cities?
Cities became the dominant human environment a decade ago, when the majority of the global population became urbanised for the first time. The urbanisation trend was predicted to continue for many more years. Now that assumption is under strain. Our cities and the trends that drive them may never again be the same.
People connect to cities through ‘sense of place’. The concept describes how we perceive and attach to places through use, identity, emotion, behaviour and memory. Our connection with cities changes over time but is always grounded in sense of place.
In its early months the COVID-19 pandemic left thousands of cities empty, eerie and listless. Most have since reopened to some degree. Still, many workers remain at home. Office buildings are quiet, as are streets, businesses and public spaces. People are wary of cities now; their sense of place has changed profoundly.
What exactly does COVID-19 represent for cities and how does it disrupt sense of place?
People are redefining their relationship with cities as profound disruptions reshape their sense of place. Everyday things like shared seating, busy trains and eating out are now threatening for many. Places that once teemed with life are muted. People are fearful.
COVID-19 represents a ‘transformative stressor’ for cities. These rare events, which I describe and explore in depth in my research, cause profound and widespread social, environmental and economic disruption. Shocks are felt at every level of society and across institutions. Fundamental relationships come under stress. Major changes become unavoidable.
What was once a distant worry becomes an immediate threat when a transformative stressor hits a city. Things that were reliable and comfortable no longer are. Our behaviour changes in response, causing us to redefine our sense of place over time.
The impacts of transformative stressors are felt simultaneously in economic activity, human health and social order. Impacts occur across scales. Almost everybody endures multiple forms of disruption. Transformative stressors demand decisive response—they are too serious to ignore and failures in leadership are quickly exposed.
A local example of a transformative stressor is the Australian ‘millennium drought’, which lasted from the late 1990s until 2010. The event reduced water supplies to critical levels in South East Queensland and put profound stress on government, industry and the public. Emergency responses became common and widespread institutional, policy and behavioural changes occurred relatively quickly. Massive infrastructure spends were undertaken to secure the region’s water supply against a similar shock in the future.
COVID-19 has all of the characteristics of a transformative stressor. It may remain dynamic and it might not be possible to fully manage it. Recovery planning also needs to account for the possibility COVID-19 might never disappear. It could become a regular risk of city life. This will of course affect people’s sense of place in an ongoing way.
Creating the future while acknowledging the past
Recovery planning is never easy and is fraught with emotion and uncertainty. This time the scale of the challenge is almost impossible to calculate for cities. How do we move forward with such an immense task, and how do we restore a positive sense of place?
The transformative impacts of the pandemic are upending established norms, patterns, behaviours and relationships. Data and predictions are suddenly unreliable. Previous urban trends may not return. Modelling for future city populations and services, undertaken prior to the pandemic, may now be irrelevant.
People stoically endured lockdowns in many countries. Working from home with limited mobility prompted many to re-evaluate their sense of place. It is likely that many people will want a say in how our fundamental relationship with cities is reimagined after this.
Cities and their economies cannot thrive if their residents are constantly unsettled. Planners and policymakers need to work outside their normal methods if they want thriving cities post-pandemic. It is essential that extensive stakeholder consultations happen. These must prioritise direct input from urban residents—the people that live in or frequently visit cities.
Participating in online co-creation workshops can help urban residents redefine their sense of place in real time. This allows people to redefine their sense of place by considering the future with full acknowledgement of the past. They can describe how COVID-19 changed their perceptions and use of space. Opportunities to describe measures to restore their confidence and comfort in cities should be prioritised.
New trends will be revealed through engagement with urban residents, reflecting changes to their sense of place. Lessons from these workshops will help policymakers and planners to reimagine and positively redefine urban space into the future.
Many innovations in urban planning are founded in efforts to improve human health. COVID-19 will undoubtedly prompt a new round of thinking about how cities can be re-imagined. It will be a big adjustment for urban planning, which has traditionally relied on the relative predictability of how people use space.
The transformative stresses of the pandemic are changing our relationship with cities everyday. Do people have the same enthusiasm for city living they had a year ago? Is it really time to imagine new urban realities, or will we eventually drift back into old patterns? What would new realities look like? How do we pragmatically turn imagination in reality?
So far we only have short-term trends to rely on. There appears to be strong interest in improving active transport options. Many people have rediscovered the simple joys of walking and cycling. Other new priorities may be more green space and better social infrastructure.
On the other hand, enthusiasm for urban office and retail space seems to be in decline, perhaps permanently. The viability of specific areas in cities may come under pressure if workforces shrink significantly because remote working suits many employers and their staff. Discussions on how to repurpose those buildings spaces are another opportunity to reimagine and positively redefine urban futures.
These are extraordinary times that call for extraordinary responses. People’s perception and attachment to cities is changing, perhaps forever. The future viability and vibrancy of cities requires that we restore a positive sense of place.
Decisions on where to go from here will be better made if decision makers understand how people are redefining their sense of place in this time of profound upheaval. Now is a time for planners and policymakers to plan with people, not for people.
Author
Dr Tony Matthews is an award-winning Urban and Environmental Planner. He is an active scholar, practitioner, public writer, speaker and broadcaster. His research interests include adapting cities to climate change, the role and function of green infrastructure and the interplay between urban design, health and environmental outcomes.
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In February 2021, the US state of Texas experienced some of its coldest weather on record – around 20℃ below average.
Texas infrastructure was not designed to deal with such extreme low temperatures. The cold snap caused chronic electricity and water shortages, and a major disaster was declared.
The consequences have been bleak. Dozens of people have died and others, especially the vulnerable, were left shivering in their homes.
While Australia does not generally experience such cold winter temperatures, our electricity systems are also vulnerable to climate change, extreme weather and power outages. So, there are valuable lessons to be learned from the Texan disaster.
What happened to the power system in Texas?
Jay Janner/Austin American-Statesman via AP
Essentially, the freezing temperatures appear to have caused power generators to fail while, at the same time, electricity demand reached a new record winter peak of 69 gigawatts.
It’s understood that due to the extreme weather, up to 46 gigawatts of electricity generation was unavailable, spread across many types of generators including thermal (coal, gas, and nuclear) and renewable (wind). With record demand and failing generators, the system operator was forced to cut power to homes and businesses on a rotating basis. Up to 20 gigawatts of customer demand was unmet due to these outages.
The Texas power grid is not well connected to those in neighbouring states, and so could not draw electricity from those power systems.
For millions of people in Texas, this meant they were without power in freezing conditions and essential services such as hospitals experienced critical issues, including water outages and hospital bed shortages.
The combination of high power demand and low supply meant prices skyrocketed on the wholesale electricity market, where electricity generators sell power to retailers.
The average daily price during the extreme weather was close to the US$9,000 per megawatt hour price cap. For a point of reference, the average daily price in Australia’s market in recent months has been between A$20/MWh and A$40/MWh.
The Texas crisis serves as a warning to the world. Here are three lessons for Australia.
Lesson One: We must prepare our electricity system for climate change
Crews worked across Australia to replace bushfire-damaged power poles after the Black Summer fires, such as here in Brogo, NSW. AAP Image/Sean Davey
As US-based energy expert Fereidoon Sioshansi noted to us recently:
“With climate change, we need to revisit our outdated assumptions about resilient grid planning in Texas and places such as Australia.”
Australia’s energy regulators should consider climate change when approving new transmission investments.
And greater interconnection between the states would provide more resilience to extreme weather, allowing states to provide energy to other states whose power supplies are damaged by extreme weather.
ERCOT, the Q&A thread [so far].
Q: What is going on? A: The current weather event in Texas is beyond anything that we have experienced in modern memory. I don’t recall another time when all 254 counties in TX were under a winter storm warning. 1/ pic.twitter.com/nOiasWgeeO
Lesson Two: Don’t support the technologies of yesterday
Like Texas, Australia’s east coast market — called the national electricity market (NEM) — is an “energy-only market”. This means generators get paid only for the energy they produce, not the capacity they make available to supply electricity in the future.
The issues in Texas have led to discussion among economists and politicians about whether Texas needs a “capacity market”, where generators get paid for the capacity they make available.
They say a capacity market would make the system more reliable. But we believe this is misguided for three reasons.
First, a capacity market would not have changed the outcome in Texas because no one anticipated a scenario like this (see Lesson 1!).
Second, a capacity market in Australia is likely to be used to support existing, ageing, unreliable coal-fired plants, because they are already in the electricity system.
Coal-fired plants are inflexible — they’re slow to respond to signals to produce more electricity. This means they’re more likely to detract, rather than add, resilience to our system.
Instead, we need flexible options that respond much faster to high electricity demand. These include technologies like battery storage, gas-fired peaking units (which run only at peak demand) and pumped hydro.
But this flexibility isn’t rewarded under a capacity market, because capacity would be paid for irrespective of whether electricity production can be turned on quickly (or not).
It’s critical Australia implements enduring policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. AAP Image/Julian Smith
Third, there’s a better option for creating a more resilient, reliable system: a so-called “operating reserve” market.
This involves providing incentives to customers to reduce electricity use at short notice when power supplies are low.
Generators and customers that can rapidly respond to challenging conditions are paid in this separate market (but only when necessary).
Australia’s regulators are currently considering whether to introduce this type of market. While Texas has a similar scheme, it focuses on creating higher prices to encourage spare capacity, rather than paying consumers and generators to make electricity available if needed.
Lesson Three: We need to do our fair share and decarbonise our electricity system rapidly
To prevent extreme weather from becoming a bigger problem, it’s critical Australia implements an enduring policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The simplest way of doing this would be transitioning the existing renewable energy target into an emissions intensity scheme.
Essentially, this is where lower emissions generation (such as renewables) gets rewarded, while higher emissions generation (such as coal) gets penalised.
Allowing renewable energy generators to export their greenhouse abatement to other sectors would underpin faster decarbonisation and greater investment in new electricity supply.
Australia has always been one of the most fragile continents when it comes to the effects of climate change. We need to prepare our electricity system to be resilient to more extreme weather.
But we also need to rapidly scale up the decarbonisation of our electricity supply to ensure Australia plays its part in reducing global greenhouse emissions.
Authors
Tim Nelson is an Associate Professor at Griffith University and is widely published in Australian and international peer-reviewed journals. He holds a PhD in economics for which he earned a Chancellors Doctoral Research Medal and a first class honours degree in economics. Tim is also a fellow of the Governance Institute (FGIA and FCIS) and a graduate of the Australian Institute of Company Directors (GAICD).
Tim was recently appointed the Executive General Manager, Energy Markets at Infigen Energy. During 2019, Tim was the Executive General Manager, Strategy and Economic Analysis, at the Australian Energy Market Commission where he established its thought leadership and quantitative analysis capabilities. Up until November 2018, Tim was the Chief Economist of AGL Energy and led the company’s public policy advocacy and its sustainability and ESG strategy. In particular, he led development of AGL’s revised Greenhouse Gas Policy, climate risk disclosure and the Powering Australian Renewables Fund (PARF) concept.
He is currently researching electricity tariff design in a high penetration renewables environment, management theory in relation to climate change responses by companies and modelling climate change mitigation scenarios in the energy sector.
Joel Gilmore is an Associate Professor at Griffith University and is passionate about providing critical analysis that helps industry and government transition our energy sector to a low emissions future. I’m particularly interested in the integration of renewable generation into our grids, and how electricity markets could (or should) evolve over time to provide the right signals for investors.
I draw on a broad background of physics, engineering, market modelling, policy work and economics to deliver a big picture view – while still undertaking detailed, quantitative analysis to make sure recommendations are backed up by hard data.
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Griffith University Art Museum has won a national book prize for a publicationshowcasingthe work of late Queensland College of Art(QCA)alumnus andacclaimed artist Gordon Bennett.
“I am thrilled that this publication has beenrecognisedwith a national award,”Director of Griffith University Art Museum (GUAM) Angela Goddardsaid.
Griffith University Art Museum Director Angela Goddard
The book wasedited byMsGoddard and art historian Tim Riley Walsh, and co-published with Power Publications. Itis the first publication to showcasethe writing practice of the late Gordon Bennett, providinganinsight into one of Australia’s most important contemporary artists.
Bringingtogether nearly 40 published and unpublished essays, artist’s statements, letters, and interviews from across Bennett’s thirty-year career,MsGoddard said itrecognised the extraordinary legacy of the First Nations artist.
“Gordon Bennett remains an incredibly influentialmajorfigure in contemporary Australian art, but not everyone knows how important writing was to his creative and intellectual process,” she said.
“This publicationgives usrich insightsinto Bennett’s life and art, throughformal correspondence, essays and interviews, and we are also given glimpses into his deeply personal notebooks, correspondence, sketches, and preparatory compositions.
“We are proud of the way that this project amplifies Bennett’s own voice.”
The award alsorecognisesthe work ofQCA alumnus Michael Phillips, who designed the publication.
“It was alabourof love over several years and came to fruition during the craziness of 2020 and COVID lockdowns,”Ms Goddard said.
Griffith University Art Museum also received a Highly Commended in the Exhibition Catalogue (Small) category for Elizabeth Newman: Is that a ‘No’?
GordonBennett: Selected Writingsisavailable on the GUAMwebsite.
Grace Tame is a remarkable young leader. Her courage and example are empowering survivors of sexual assault to reclaim their agency by telling their stories. Her words have power as we have seen since she was made Australian of the Year in January 2021. Her bravery has inspired others to demand accountability and change the systems that protect perpetrators. She has shown this can be done. Her work with the #LetHerSpeak campaign changed Tasmanian laws.
We need to hear the stories of survivors. We need to understand their trauma. We need to challenge the culture and power dynamic that allows such abuse to occur and remain hidden. As Grace says, “Communication breeds understanding … and when we share, we heal”.
In this A Better Future For All conversation with Kerry O’Brien, Grace explored these complex and personal issues and how they go to the heart of power relations. Listening begets action. This is a conversation not to be missed.
Emeritus Professor Julianne Schultz, Professor in Media and Culture, Griffith University
Good evening, everyone. I’m so pleased that so many of you have been able to come out tonight to the Gold Coast, Home of the Arts. Until the lockdown, we had the theatre completely booked out but sadly, as the virus is still sneaking around, we have a little more space in the theatre this evening than we had intended to. I hope you’re comfortable and able to enjoy it. Thank you for making the effort to be here in person, or online, for what I am sure will be an inspiring and revealing conversation. My name is Julianne Schultz, I’m the publisher of Griffith Review and the Chair of The Conversation and have been working on this series A Better Future for All since it began last year.
I’m standing in this evening for Griffith University Vice Chancellor Carolyn Evans who sends her apologies. She’s unfortunately in lockdown in Brisbane. As you know, this series of conversations is co‑hosted by the university and by HOTA. As we start, I respectfully acknowledge the Kombumerri and Yugambeh people and the traditional custodians of these lands and pay my respect to their elders past, present and future, and to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples here today. I would also like to acknowledge our special guest, 2021 Australian of the Year Ms Grace Tame, councillors of the City of the Gold Coast, Mr Mark Hammel and Mr William Owen‑Jones, Chair of the HOTA Board of Directors Professor Emeritus Ned Pankhurst and many other distinguished guests who are joining us online rather than in person as they had hoped to do. As always, Kerry O’Brien will be leading the conversation. This time with the brilliant Grace Tame. Kerry’s skill as an interviewer and his empathy as a human being will, I am sure, mean we all go away from this discussion this evening wiser than we arrived.
When Grace was announced as Australian of the Year in January this year, I know I was not alone in being both thrilled, but also a little bit concerned about the burden of the role. It turns out that my concern was misplaced. Grace Tame has quickly demonstrated that she is one of the nation’s bravest and most inspiring young women. Indeed, her leadership and example has set alight a long smouldering issue in this country ‑ sexual abuse and particularly the treatment of women and girls. It is only March, and she has already inspired many and provoked an urgent national conversation which shows signs of forcing long overdue changes.
Grace, is, as you know, an abuse survivor, one who has channelled her rage and extraordinary energy into becoming an outspoken advocate for other survivors, particularly those who were abused as children. Grace first came to national attention in 2019 when she won local and international support to change the way the law in Tasmania silenced victims of sexual assault. Grace was assisted by journalist and advocate Nina Funnell and her Let Her Speak campaign to overturn Tasmania’s so‑called gag law which made it illegal for sexual assault survivors to speak publicly about their experiences. The law changed in her state in April last year. And similar changes have since been made in Queensland.
Grace has shown courage, wisdom and strength and grace ‑ her parents must have known something when they chose her name ‑ with a depth beyond that which could be expected of most 26‑year‑olds. She’s one of a brilliant generation of young women who are already making a difference here and around the world. A few days before Grace was appointed Australian of the Year, Amanda Gorman captivated the world with her poem The Hill We Climb at the inauguration of President Joe Biden. Her unflinching assessment of her country’s problems but hope for the future was inspiring. We have since seen other young women take courage and follow Grace’s example. Griffith graduate Brittany Higgins has already done more to change the culture of Parliament House than an army of consultants, and Chanel Contos has made another long simmering issue urgent for schools, teachers, students and parents all around the country. These women are standing on the shoulders of giants but the leaps they are taking promise to be truly transformative. We are so grateful Grace is able to join us here tonight on the Gold Coast despite the lockdowns and border closures and all the other restrictions that we’ve learnt to live with over the past year. Like you, I am looking forward to hearing what she has to say tonight. Before I begin, may I take a moment also to acknowledge Griffith’s longstanding research and teaching in the field of violence prevention and education. Our Violence Research and Prevention Program delivers cutting‑edge research about the causes and consequences of violence, and best‑practice approaches to understanding, controlling and preventing it. One of its most successful initiatives is a specialised violence prevention training program, the Motivating Action Through Empowerment, better known by the MATE Bystander program. Under the direction of Shaan Ross‑Smith and Professor Patrick O’Leary, MATE Bystander aims to raise awareness about the ways all sorts of abusive behaviours are embedded in our culture and crucially to change the root attitudes and beliefs that normalise these behaviours. This includes racism, discrimination and bullying, as well as sexual harassment and assault. Importantly, the program is designed to help participants become proactive, not passive, bystanders. We use it at Griffith for our staff and students and also provide training programs for other organisations. Given the current debate and the heart‑wrenching stories that we are hearing daily this work is more important than ever. Finally, before we continue, one last acknowledgment: we recognise that some of tonight’s discussion may be challenging, confronting or distressing. We encourage you to please practice self‑care and take a break if you feel you need one. Don’t be embarrassed to step out of the room if you feel that is necessary. We will have counsellors available after this session if you feel like you’d like to speak to somebody this evening. Ned Pankhurst will provide additional information how to seek that support at the end of the event. So, without further ado, I would now like to hand you over to Kerry to begin the conversation. Thank you.
Kerry O’Brien
Thanks, Julianne. I’m impressed that Julianne knew that I had had empathy training. 50 years of it actually as a journalist. A little more than a few weeks. I, too, would like to acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land we are on and pay my respect to elders past, present and emerging. Grace, I’ve interviewed many Australians of the Year, over the years, some of them enormously impressive with powerful stories of courage, inspiration and achievement to reflect on. I know it shouldn’t be seen as a contest, but I’m compelled to say I’ve never seen one so warmly received or supported or celebrated as you have been. So, I’d like to start this conversation with a simple expression of congratulations, which I’m sure is shared by everyone. (Applause). I know that you have been asked many times now to go back over the story of how you were groomed and repeatedly raped over 6 months as a vulnerable 15‑year‑old school girl by a figure of power and authority at your school. A senior teacher, of the price you’ve continued to pay over the intervening nine years and yet how you’ve fought back against the odds. What I want to focus on tonight is the lessons you want us all to learn as parents, as children, as policymakers, as educators and people in positions of power and influence about why so many perpetrators get away with what they do and why so many lives are left shattered in the unsupported solitude of their silence and their misplaced shame. So, let’s work our way through this. You’ve said that one of the toughest challenges in your recovery was to learn to speak about something unspeakable. And when you did start to speak up, other survivors added their voices through the ‘Let Her Speak campaign’. What were the common elements of these stories?
Grace Tame
There’s a few. The reason, the main reason why this issue of sexual abuse, especially prolonged sexual abuse, is so ubiquitous and has been for such a long time is because of silence. And that’s a weapon that predators use; they know that because it is such an uncomfortable discussion, or it has been such an uncomfortable discussion for such a long time, that survivors are hesitant to speak. There is a lot of shame that one feels and the abuse itself is characterised by disempowerment. You lose your ability to understand yourself because predators break that down. They break down your trust in humanity, and we haven’t been able to have these open, honest conversations as a result.
Kerry O’Brien
And I suppose age is a factor. The younger you are the more vulnerable you are, the more “timid” might not be the right word, but the more reluctant you are to actually speak up.
Grace Tame
Yeah. When you are a child you have no frame of reference, you are so impressionable. You know, you are taking your cues from those around you who are senior who have life experience that you don’t have.
Kerry O’Brien
Of course long before your recovery, you had to actually acknowledge the crimes against you. You talk now about the imperative of speaking up, of breaking the silence, but how hard was it to tell your parents? How hard to face your school? How hard to tell the police?
Grace Tame
Oh, um, well, you know often I hear questions of “Why didn’t you say something at the time?” or “Why didn’t you just say ‘No’?” And I think that speaks to how little is understood about how terrifying predators are. You know, I was completely, absolutely terrified of this man. But ultimately my fear was surpassed by rage. A rage that I didn’t actually quite understand. And I actually didn’t know as a 16‑year‑old, because it was when I was 16 that I disclosed the abuse, I didn’t know as a 16‑year‑old what the recourse would be. I didn’t know what the judicial process would be. I just knew that this man who boasted to me about abusing other girls before he abused me, I knew this man was a risk to everyone. And I’ve always wanted to protect others, put others at ease and educate others, and so that need was far greater than my terror. And the first step was to turn to someone that I knew valued people above policies, individuals above institutions. So I turned to another male teacher actually, a proud gay man, by the name of Dr William Simon, who I just had dinner with last Friday, I turned to him and he knew what to do. His first response was of implicit belief and support.
Kerry O’Brien
Was he surprised about this man?
Grace Tame
No. No.
Kerry O’Brien
Can we assume there were other victims?
Grace Tame
Yes. They have contacted me. I have had contact from his victims.
Kerry O’Brien
So you went to the teacher that you trusted before you went to your parents?
Grace Tame
That’s right.
Kerry O’Brien
How did your parents react when you did talk to them?
Grace Tame
Oh, it is hard to, well, actually. So after I told this teacher, he set up a meeting with the school principal. That was the next step. And then the police were called to the school. I had to give a brief summary of what had happened before I made an initial statement. As a naive 16‑year‑old, as I said, with no concept of what the recourse would be, I just wanted to get this man out of the school. That was my main priority. I wanted to protect the other students at the school. I remember looking the policeman in the eye and very earnestly saying, “Just don’t tell my mum and dad.”
Kerry O’Brien
So that was kind of your worst fear?
Grace Tame
I didn’t want to hurt them. I didn’t want to hurt my mum and dad. But, of course, my father then had to pick me up from school and the school informed him that something was amiss, and because ‑‑ well, to backtrack a little bit, before this man actually started abusing me, he started the grooming process which involved, at first, what I thought were innocent conversations in his office. And because I was 15 at the time I had no ‑‑ there were no red flags that were raised for me by that. I went home after the first conversation, in fact, and I told my parents that I had had that conversation. And that raised red flags for them as adults. They thought it was quite odd considering the fact that I shared. I had disclosed to him about my anorexia, because he asked questions about my anorexia. So, they found that very disconcerting. And they actually had meetings with the school very early on, before the abuse started. So, when I did tell my dad ‑‑ I actually remember the very moment driving over the Tasman Bridge. If you’re familiar with Hobart at all it is separated by ‑‑ yep, so it is joined ‑‑ the two sides of Hobart are joined by a bridge, it has got five lanes. And at different times of the day the middle lane actually changes over in accordance with the flow of traffic. And so the middle lane is called the suicide lane. And my ‑‑ it is not funny, but ‑‑
Kerry O’Brien
I’ve got the picture.
Grace Tame
My Dad was driving back home, he was driving. We were driving in the suicide lane and ‑‑ can I swear?
Kerry O’Brien
Please.
Grace Tame
He took both of his hands off the steering wheel. I hadn’t said anything. He had just been obviously briefed very vaguely by the school. I hadn’t said anything. I was quiet. I was terrified. I knew that he was angry. I knew that he was upset, not necessarily at me, I just could tell he was disturbed. And he took both of his hands off the steering wheel and he just screamed, “If this has anything to do with that fucking teacher!” And I just remember never seeing so much rage in him, because I then told him and my step‑mother that night. And there were tears from all of us. My father vomited. And my mother had to hear the story the first time via a tiny little television at the police station in a separate room while I made my statement to the police a couple of days later. That was her first hearing of the story.
Kerry O’Brien
And that’s the way it had to be?
Grace Tame
That’s the way that it had to be. I mean, didn’t know. Like I said, I had no concept of what was going on, really. I was taking cues from everybody around me.
Kerry O’Brien
You are determined that we should all understood the grooming process, the fundamental manifestation really of calculated evil. I couldn’t think of a stronger way to put it. That’s what it is, isn’t it, manifestation of calculated evil.
Grace Tame
It is.
Kerry O’Brien
I wonder how a parent or a school goes about educating a child on the practice of grooming?
Grace Tame
Look, it is a really complicated subject and that’s something that predators benefit from, or have benefitted from for such a long time because it is so hard to talk about and understand. But it can be broken down into six main phases, those being: Targeting the individual. So targeting a vulnerable individual; and then gaining the individual’s trust to lull them into a false sense of security. You know it is sort of played up as a friendship, if you will; and then there is filling a need. So identifying where the target has a gap in their support system and then pretending to be that type of support; and then there’s the isolating. Which is sort of happening all at the same time as these other things. It is driving wedges between the target and their actual genuine supporters; and then the fifth is the sexualisation. Which is happening concurrently, and that’s the gradual introduction of sexual content so as to normalise it, so it is not so shocking when it actually is introduced; and then there is maintaining control, which is striking a perfect balance between causing harm but being the provider of relief from that harm to condition you into a state of confusion and guilt at the thought of even questioning your abuser, let alone speaking out about them. Now, those phases obviously can be elaborated. I can speak more to those, but just that simple, I think, breakdown is a framework that could be talked about anywhere, tailored specifically to aged groups but I think that ‑‑
Kerry O’Brien
Now, he had ‑‑ you had told him at a certain point in this grooming process, you’d confided in him that you had been sexually assaulted when you were 6 by an older boy?
Grace Tame
Yes. An older male child. That’s correct.
Kerry O’brien
And he actually revisited that with you, didn’t he?
Grace Tame
Yes, he re‑created that abuse.
Kerry O’Brien
As if it was a part of him helping you, some kind of process of trust involved?
Grace Tame
No, not so much, it was actually to ‑‑ it was actually to scare me into submission. That was his way of introducing the abuse. And I think there was another reason that he did that as well. Now, this is not talked about often enough either, and that is that abusers often pick up where previous abusers have left off, because so much of the work, the psychological manipulation, has already been done for them. The abuser picks people who have already been conditioned and primed and groomed. And so that was a reason why he chose me. But also, by re‑creating the abuse that I suffered as a child it was almost an insurance policy that he took out, because it would have meant that when I disclosed the teacher’s abuse I would have had to have thrown somebody else under the bus as well.
Kerry O’Brien
In this context you’ve defined silence as the complete absence of truth. The deliberate suppression of information, a weapon of mass psychological destruction. Those are very powerful images.
Grace Tame
Yeah. Well, it is true, that’s what it is. I mean history, lived experience, is our greatest learning resource, and when we erase that we’re erasing all the potential to move forward. So it is. That’s violence.
Kerry O’Brien
Which, of course, underscores how hard it must have been ultimately to break that silence. You say it was rage that drove you, but to actually take that first step ‑‑ I’ve known ‑‑ and there can be a difference between feeling the anger of wanting to doing something, but then actually doing it, then actually acting on it.
Grace Tame
Yeah, well, my fear of doing nothing was far greater than my fear of doing something.
Kerry O’Brien
You were struggling with anorexia at the time. How did the anorexia make you vulnerable particularly? He knew, he clearly knew you were anorexic. What was the vulnerability from the anorexia?
Grace Tame
That’s manifold. I’m a perfectionist to a fault. I’m very hard on myself. But also, you know, as a 15‑year‑old with a changing body shape that, you know, that’s an insecurity that every 15‑year‑old whether you’re a boy or a girl, you know, can relate to. In my case, you know the anorexia, was, like, it had many layers. It was a product of being abused as a child, and having, you know ‑‑ and how that made me feel about my body. I’m also high‑functioning autistic and, as such, you know, I like to order and sort of arrange things and, you know, have control in that kind of way. And often as we know obsessions can start out as just sort of a little thing, but then insidiously grow into something much bigger until we, you know, are completely overtaken by it.
Kerry O’Brien
So did the autism add to your vulnerability, or has it in some way since been an asset?
Grace Tame
Well, I think both. So I ‑‑ one of the things that I really struggle with is picking up on ulterior motives, so it makes me quite susceptible to manipulation. I don’t know when people have hidden agendas. I take everything very literally and at face value. But it has also been a source of great strength because I have been able to channel the, you know, the hyper focus into this movement, for instance, wanting to educate others. And I just don’t give up when I pick something. I just don’t stop.
Kerry O’Brien
Well, we know that. (Laughs). And you’ll need that. But you’ve talked a lot about shame as well. Shame is very much a part about all this. So, at what point did shame creep in for you, and did shame take over at any point? I mean the sense of shame you had about it all?
Grace Tame
Oh, that’s such a hard question to answer because it is ‑‑ shame sort of ebbs and flows, I suppose, and this journey of recovery has not been very linear. And certainly, at times I have been overtaken by shame and I’ve completely just ‑‑ um, you know there was a time, especially when I lived in America, and I had no self‑respect, you know. I’ve used prescription drugs, I’ve used illicit drugs, I cut myself, I engaged in other methods of self‑harm because I just didn’t see any value in myself. I had a death wish. I was in a lot of very, very dangerous situations. I don’t need to go into great detail, but I was in a lot of very dangerous situations with very dangerous people, and I did not care if I died.
Kerry O’Brien
And this sheeted back to these months of abuse?
Grace Tame
Yeah, yeah, because that’s what predators do. They instil in you very subtly a self‑hatred. Because by confusing you with this maintaining control aspect they make you think that you were responsible and that you’ve somehow done something to invite this evil and, you know, you deserve it. And that’s what you come to believe, you come to believe that you deserve all of the pain that comes your way. So then subconsciously you actually become to tolerate and to expect it. Often people who have been abused unconsciously find themselves in situations with the same patterns of abuse, the same patterns of violence because that is what they know.
Kerry O’Brien
So when you had to go through this chain of processes once you went to the school, went to your parents, and the police and so on, I was going to ask you what happened to the shame through that process. Whether you actually lost the shame? Whether it was a sense of great relief when you actually did finally go for broke with it, but you’ve made clear that the shame didn’t go away.
Grace Tame
No.
Kerry O’Brien
But was there any sense of relief for having basically bitten the bullet?
Grace Tame
Oh, most certainly.
Kerry O’Brien
I mean I’m asking this, I suppose, for future value, if you like, for other people who might be in your situation and actually want to have some sense of what is actually at stake if they actually do find the courage to come out themselves. And for others to understand what it is like for the survivor.
Grace Tame
Yeah. Well, look, the shame sadly doesn’t go away, you know, and I have to be honest, you know, doing a lot of these events and dealing with this subject matter and having it constantly at the forefront of my brain, you know, because that comes from ‑‑ that trauma is not logical. So even though I understand that I’m not back in that time, I’m not being abused, that shame state that I feel in my body at a cellular level, that can still be triggered and that’s the case for any survivor. As any survivor would know, that, you can fully understand, you can fully be aware, your eyes are open, but you feel like you’re back there. So that doesn’t go away. You can learn to manage it. But through, to answer the second part of your question about what happens when you speak out, that’s when you can start to heal. Because that’s all we really are looking for. All we really need as human‑beings is connection with other people.
Kerry O’Brien
Yeah.
Grace Tame
Even if you don’t go to the step of, you know, pursuing it in the justice system, reporting to police, or even reporting to, you know, the institution, even if it is just with a friend or family member who you feel safe with, or a professional therapist, even if it is just that, and it is in complete confidence, that is so freeing.
Kerry O’Brien
I’ve thought about shame in relation to colonial Australian history and what the colonialists, what my ancestors and the ancestors of many other Australians, inflicted on Indigenous Australians for well over a century and, in many ways, systemically still are.
Grace Tame
Still, yeah.
Kerry O’Brien
And it seemed to me guilt wasn’t the issue. There were those who didn’t want to confront these truths who said, you know, it was ‑‑ they were claiming this was about the kind of guilt industry. They were putting guilt on future generations. It is not that. That’s bullshit. But I do think we can and should feel a sense of shame for what happened. And yet the people who have been made to wear the shame have been the victims and the targets. It has been the Indigenous Australians and the generations of Indigenous Australians since who still bear the load of what happened then.
Grace Tame
That’s indicative of a guilty conscious.
Kerry O’Brien
And this is what we’re talking about here.
Grace Tame
Yeah.
Kerry O’Brien
In other words, the victims walk away with the shame, less so the perpetrator.
Grace Tame
It is funny, when somebody is murdered and the police arrive on the scene, they don’t start questioning the murder victim, “What were you doing to get murdered?” You know, it is odd.
Kerry O’Brien
Yeah. A bit hard.
Grace Tame
Yeah, a bit hard.
Kerry O’Brien
What decided you to go to America for further education? Was that about ‑‑ was that distancing yourself from childhood trauma?
Grace Tame
Yes, that definitely was. Distancing myself physically from the constant triggers and the environment. Where I come from, Hobart is a small town, you know. Just driving past the school, and things like that. Unnecessary revisiting constantly. I just needed some space from it. It wasn’t so much a running away, as a taking a break.
Kerry O’Brien
So, you have told us about the pain that stayed with you over there, but you also did some things, didn’t you. You went over there, you went to ‑‑ you furthered your education there.
Grace Tame
Yeah.
Kerry O’Brien
Tell me about the good bits of being there. What did you achieve and was it a part of setting yourself up for your future life, for a career?
Grace Tame
I don’t know. I sort of went over there. I studied for a couple of years just at a community college in a lovely little town called Santa Barbara which is about 90 minutes north of Los Angeles. And I studied liberal arts and theatre arts and film. And I was doing that for a couple of years. And in my last semester ‑‑ I always drew just as a hobby. And I went down to Los Angeles and I went to an art gallery and took a picture outside the art gallery and tagged the art gallery on my Instagram. And the gallery owner then went through my Instagram and saw that I had done some sketches and he asked me if I wanted do an art show in his gallery. And so, I ended up doing that. I pulled a collection of some of my drawings. From there I got asked to illustrate a column for an online magazine for a little while. I did some sort of social commentary illustrations. Then I ended up doing some work for some other high profile clients in LA. Yeah, I also became a yoga teacher. I studied yoga. But the best part, like, the best part in life in general is the friendships that I made while I was over there, you know, and that’s where some of the healing started. Because I was able to talk about my experience on my own terms. You know, there were no received ideas that people had because they had heard rumours. You know, they weren’t from my home town. So, I was able to connect with people. And through sharing my story I realised, because when you make that first move often you realise, actually, the other person that you are speaking to has their own story. Whether it is the same story of sexual abuse or not, or just some sort of similar story of oppression or struggle of some kind, you know, that’s where you start to find, you just tap into that humanity. That’s always there.
Kerry O’Brien
Yeah.
Garce Tame
You just break the ice.
Kerry O’Brien
Coming ‑‑ so it was out of that really you came back here and you really went to town, you know. You opened up. This was the campaign.
Grace Tame
Yes.
Kerry O’Brien
This was 2017 and on from there. So, did that give you a sense of empowerment?
Grace Tame
Yeah.
Kerry O’Brien
Was it hard?
Grace Tame
Oh, it was very hard. It wasn’t an easy road. I mean, I have no background in law. So I didn’t really know what we were getting into. It was Nina Funnell, the incredible Nina Funnell who was mentioned earlier, who dreamed up this campaign. And I just lent my story as a starting point. And that became the catalyst. And actually, other campaign survivors joined onboard. But there was lots of roadblocks along the way, lots of loopholes, you know, lots of red tape that we had to wade through. But it was so worth it because it wasn’t just ‑‑
Kerry O’Brien
It seems incredible that you’re in a situation where you couldn’t tell your story, but your perpetrator could.
Grace Tame
Yeah, and that’s an example of cultures that enable predatory behaviour. Mmm.
Kerry O’Brien
So, coming to Australia Day, nothing is short of stunning. Our various elements have come together since that day and since that speech of yours in acceptance. Since you electrified Australia to create a perfect storm over the mistreatment of women. It was interesting to see the four winners that night, all women of different backgrounds, ages and experiences, each speaking about the previously unspeakable. And what has followed is a plethora of stories of sexual assault, harassment, domestic violence, the worst kinds of gender exploitation, the offensive male chauvinism of authority figures like Senator Abetz. And Chanel Cantos’ harrowing survey of private secondary school girls in Sydney. How are you processing all that, because the stories just keep coming? And it is an extraordinary kind of confluence of things.
Grace Tame
Yeah, it is, but the common thread is abusive power, and I ‑‑ although it is shocking, having lived that for such a long time, you know it is 11 years next month, since the grooming started ‑‑
Kerry O’Brien
Wow.
Grace Tame
‑‑ having lived that and seeing the potential for, you know, corruption, seeing the potential for evil that, you know, fortunately is in the minority of human‑beings, I have not been surprised by this sort of huge surge in intention.
Kerry O’Brien
How did you personally react, just privately, inside yourself, when Brittany Higgins came forward with her own rape allegation from within the national parliament. Particularly knowing that you had inspired her to go public?
Grace Tame
Privately, I mean, from survivor to survivor, you know, heart was just completely shattered. Because it is never easy to hear that that is somebody’s experience. And although our experiences are different in a lot of ways, you know, it is that same oppression, that same abuse of power being manipulated, being exploited, but then to find out that, you know, that my story had inspired her was incredibly hopeful, because we all have that potential. You know it doesn’t have to be this grand of a scale, just if you tell one of your friends, like I was saying before, you can be a little domino, if you will. That’s what I like to encourage people, to think of themselves as in the pursuit of creating change. You know, it is not an isolated gesture, just a single smile or a single signature on a petition or a dollar donation. It is the catalytic potential that has to then inspire somebody else to do it and then it becomes, like you said, electrifying, like an unbroken current of electricity.
Kerry O’Brien
Tell me about the 19 dominos.
Grace Tame
We were talking about this before. There is a video I think on YouTube that you can find of 19 dominos. The first domino is the size of about 2 inches high of a standard domino, but then the next domino after that is twice the size of that, and so on, and the 19th domino is the size of the Empire State Building. So, if you can imagine that. And all you have to do is tap that domino, and boing.
Kerry O’Brien
Yes, I love the concept. I love the image. I am not sure it is quite that simple ‑‑
Grace Tame
No.
Kerry O’Brien
‑‑ but nonetheless I love the idea. Brittany Higgins has found herself in the eye of her own storm at the heart of the most dynamic and unpredictable power structure in the country, which she seems to be handling with great coolness I might say but it must be incredibly confronting for her, and in ways she could not foresee. Do you feel you have advice and support to offer for those who are inspired by you and decide to put themselves in the spotlight. Because they won’t necessarily know how it is going to transpire for them?
Grace Tame
Do it on your own terms, first and foremost. Nobody can tell you how to tell your story. But if that is something that you feel that you need to do, or want to do, lean into the love that’s around you. That is the greatest source of power there is.
Kerry O’Brien
And your family, you’re close‑knit family and friends have been your real base, haven’t they?
Grace Tame
Always. Yes. In fact, my partner, Max is over there in the audience. I can see him. (Applause). I shouldn’t have exposed him.
Kerry O’Brien
Sorry, Max. (Laughs). I know you’ve been asked a question along these lines before, and it is a loaded question, and an important question: what about the girls and women who aren’t equipped to break the silence and deal with the fallout or don’t have the loving and trusting support of parents and friends, or who are even more vulnerable through systemic disadvantage?
Grace Tame
Look, that’s all the more reason why we as a society and especially those of us who are, you know, privileged and who have the resources to continue this fight, to create community attitudes of support so that even if you do feel isolated as an individual, you have the comfort of a community that accepts you and your story.
Kerry O’Brien
The issue of consent I know is another really important one through this whole kind of area. And Chanel Contos’ survey certainly brought that issue into sharp focus. Particularly for schoolgirls, and in many of the stories that they came forward and told through that survey and mechanism, talked about how they were drunk, and when they were assaulted, often not knowing they had been assaulted until they saw a sign of that assault when they woke up, came to, or even the next day. But of course, the consent issue is a society‑wide question: how should that be resolved? Is it as simple as better education? When we’re looking to comfort ourselves with things and we are looking for solutions, one of the easy ones, in a way, is to say education. The difficulty is delivering it.
Grace Tame
Yes. And actually, we have eight different jurisdictions, and in each of those jurisdictions the legal definition of “consent” is different. And “consent” is an absolute concept, right, so it is not necessarily that one definition is better than the other. It is the fact there are eight of them. And like we saw in the US with the different responses to COVID from state to state, when you have that kind of inconsistency, that kind of ambiguity, it undermines your ability to understand it and, therefore, take it seriously and, therefore, educate around it properly.
Kerry O’Brien
And one of the unfortunate truths about Australia as a federation is it can sometimes take 25 years to get the states to agree on a particular reform.
Grace Tame
That’s right.
Kerry O’Brien
Even a reform that’s not necessarily complicated. That’s also a part of it.
Grace Tame
That’s why we have to be relentless in our lobbying.
Kerry O’Brien
So how tough is your thinking about “consent”? What is your own view of what “consent?” How you define “consent”?
Grace Tame
It is a “Yes” or “No”. I think it is actually quite simple. It doesn’t need to be ambiguous.
Kerry O’Brien
And it is not necessarily a “Yes” at the beginning of something, is it. Staying “Yes” at the start of an exercise of intimacy, let’s say, or some element of sex, saying “Yes” at the start of something doesn’t mean “Yes” all the way through and it develops into something else.
Grace Tame
Yes. And the moment “No” is communicated, that’s it.
Kerry O’Brien
It should be fairly simple to enshrine, shouldn’t it. Not necessarily with an app.
Grace Tame
No, no, not with an app.
Kerry O’Brien
But nonetheless. So, when you talk about education on such deep‑seated cultural issues, who do we target?
Grace Tame
Can you ask the whole question again?
Kerry O’Brien
When you talk about education on such deep‑seated cultural issues, as the ones we’re dealing with here, who do we target? Do we start with the educators, and the parents of course are at the heart of the education process, I would have thought?
Grace Tame
I think it starts at the top though.
Kerry O’Brien
Go on. (Applause).
Grace Tame
Well, funny you should say that, because, of course, many professions require constant professional development as they go through their years of process just to stay in touch with the updates on what they already know. In some instances, with politicians, we’re talking about things they don’t know to start with ‑‑
Grace Tame
Exactly.
Kerry O’Brien
‑‑ in some instances. So can you see a reason why our politicians shouldn’t have professional development ‑‑
Grace Tame
No, I think that’s ‑‑
Kerry O’Brien
‑‑ on a regular basis, not just on empathy?
Grace Tame
I think you made an incredible point there Kerry and I agree with you wholeheartedly.
Kerry O’Brien
So, for instance, there could be some professional development on Indigenous history?
Grace Tame
Amen. (Applause).
Kerry O’Brien
There could be professional development on basic civility?
Grace Tame
Yeah.
Kerry O’Brien
We could go on.
Grace Tame
Yeah. Basic human decency, yeah.
Kerry O’Brien
But it is an important and interesting point, isn’t it, that a lawyer wants and needs to stay in touch with all the new case law and new precedents in judgments and so on. Doctors are constantly having to have professional development. And psychiatrists, psychologists, counsellors, any number of professionals. Electricians.
Grace Tame
Society is constantly evolving, so those who govern it should be too.
Kerry O’Brien
It is Kate Ellis who has just brought this book out, saying that it was only after she got out of parliament how caught in a type warp the parliament was and the way they dealt with each other and the way they dealt with staff. It is fascinating but staggering.
Grace Tame
Laws and policies are made by those who benefit most from them. (Applause).
Kerry O’Brien
An Australian academic named Gemma Carey is another survivor who has just brought out a book called ‘No Matter Our Wreckage.’ She says it took her 20 years to realise it wasn’t her fault. “Survivors like me are all around you” ‑ and this really resonated with me ‑ “Survivors like me are all around you, but we’ve learnt that people don’t want to hear our stories.” Which goes to the silence again. So how do you compel people to listen in a sustained way because, as you say, listening is crucial?
Grace Tame
Well, I think that is, in part, true, but it is also, in part not true. Um, because to say that would be to discredit the people, at least in my experience, who have listened from day one. And it is ‑‑ what it is, it’s about normalising this conversation and breaking down the discomfort, and doing it a little bit at a time, and being patient and compassionate. These aren’t explosive revelations, I don’t think, these are just common-sense ideas.
Kerry O’Brien
Through your own personal experience when you did present to the police and then subsequently there was the whole justice system at work, this guy goes to jail, he comes out again, he re‑offends, he goes back, but you’re still basically a kid through this process. What did you ‑‑
Grace Tame
I still am now.
Kerry O’Brien
Perhaps in some ways. What did you learn about the justice system in practice?
Grace Tame
Oh, that it does in so many ways, in so many subtle ways, enable abusive behaviour by protecting ‑‑ disproportionately protecting perpetrators, as opposed to victims.
Kerry O’Brien
Because the other side of the coin is that the concept of innocent until proven guilty is one of the absolute underpinnings of a fair justice system. There’s been a sudden fondness for talking up the importance of the rule of law, and the rule of law of course is important, but there are various definitions of what that actually means. But that is at the centre of it, isn’t it, that the defendant in a case has to be given the benefit of the doubt unless it can be clearly proven otherwise. So, there is to be a process has that to be conducted.
Grace Tame
Yeah, I think part of the problem is that, like I’ve said time and time again, so little is understood and so little weight is put on the psychological manipulation that underpins the sex crimes, the physical acts. And once we develop more understanding around that, I think we can more adequately, you know, restructure our legal system accordingly.
Kerry O’Brien
How far below what it should be do you think the legal system is in terms of its treatment and understanding of victims, of the survivors and of their voice, of the importance of them getting a voice and being properly heard?
Grace Tame
I don’t know how far below, but we’ve got a long way to go. That’s all I know. Got a long way to go.
Kerry O’Brien
And that is a part of your campaign?
Grace Tame
Most certainly. We can always be improving and redefining structures in society. Nothing is fixed.
Kerry O’Brien
You’ve told the Press Club that you feel we are now on the precipice of a revolution. But are we really? Revolutions are lit by a spark, but successful ones usually require planning and structure and persistence, not just the most righteous of anger, no matter how dynamically articulated in the marketplace. So how will this revolution be sustained?
Grace Tame
It is actually quite simple. It is by continuing the conversation. There’s a danger when rage is not harnessed and converted into something positive, because what can happen is we sort of tire ourselves out and then retreat back into silence. So, it is about acknowledging the rage, but then moving to the next step, to action, no matter how small those actions are. I’ll come back to the domino thing again. It is taking those little steps and just making them consistent. It is about being consistent. Not necessarily overblown, it is about being consistent, relentless.
Kerry O’Brien
At the Press Club you took journalists to task ‑ quite rightly I thought ‑ for the way my industry will sometimes pick the flesh off the bones of the survivors of tragedy to milk the story for what they might see as its full potential. Have you noticed any greater sensitivity in the way the rash of stories have been reported in the weeks since you said that?
Grace Tame
Um, yes and no. I think some of them weren’t listening. But certainly, in the immediate, sort of, when the journalists were then asked to come forward with their questions for me, you could see it in their faces they were quite stunned that they had been called out. Because this isn’t about survivors being sensitive at all, or anyone being sensitive, it is about ‑‑
Kerry O’Brien
You did have a right to be sensitive by the way, but go on.
Grace Tame
Yes, but it is more about, you know, anyone who has a story that they’re offering for the benefit of the public, their experience is imbued with educative insights that can help us progress. So, it is not about not just asking what happened to you. It is about asking what can we learn from what happened to you? So, making the focus always about the gory details. That’s just exploitation. That’s commodification of pain. (Applause).
Kerry O’Brien
Yeah.
Grace Tame
It is not constructive.
Kerry O’Brien
No.
Grace Tame
It is not helpful, you know. I’m not ‑‑ I personally am not easily offended, but there’s no need of digging up all this trauma that just takes me back to a shame state that, you know, or that triggers other people into reliving their own pasts. That doesn’t help anybody.
Kerry O’Brien
Have you noticed, I’m not being mischievous here to some of my colleagues, but have you noticed the difference between the way male and female journalists approach you?
Grace Tame
No, not really, I don’t think it is a gendered issue, no.
Kerry O’Brien
No, well, I’ve seen people of both genders as almost predators themselves in my trade.
Grace Tame
This isn’t a gendered issue.
Kerry O’Brien
Empathy is not a gendered issue, is it.
Grace Tame
No. This isn’t a gendered issue at all. I have to say, when I was pursuing my voice, you know, some of the survivors that I connected with and who are now some of my best friends are male survivors of clergy abuse, middle‑aged men. You know and ‑‑
Kerry O’Brien
It is one of the anomalies of the whole trying to understand the story of pedophilia. I’m sure to this day there are still many people who have the false impression that most of the predatory behaviour of paedophiles is directed to young boys. In fact, the vast bulk of it is directed at young girls. That’s one of the misnomers of the whole thing. Perhaps the most special thing, unique really I thought, about the Australia Day presentation was to see, as I said before, four such remarkable women being recognised together for outstanding achievement in the face of great adversity and the diversity amongst those women. I thought Miriam Rose might have particularly resonated with you, drawing on ancient Aboriginal philosophy to highlight the power of active listening to right old wrongs.
Grace Tame
That’s right. Like I said before, history is our greatest learning resource. As uncomfortable as it might be, it is from that suffering that we can learn and move forward so that we don’t make the same mistakes again.
Kerry O’Brien
Did you have a sense that Scott Morrison was moved by what you had to say?
Grace Tame
Moved in what direction? I don’t know. (Applause).
Kerry O’Brien
I know you have already been meeting with some state and federal government ministers and policymakers and I think you had a meeting with Scott Morrison. You had an exchange with Scott Morrison.
Grace Tame
I spoke to Scott Morrison. I spoke at him, certainly. Max and I on the 25th of January at the morning tea, I spoke directly of the need for a national taskforce, a permanent taskforce to deal with issues pertaining to sexual assault. And he dismissively insisted that such infrastructure already exists and is functioning quite well.
Kerry O’Brien
Jee, January was a long time ago.
Grace Tame
Such a long time ago, Kerry.
Kerry O’Brien
But when you have sat down with the state and federal ministers and the policymakers, how seriously do you think you have been taken? Are you really being listened to, and forgive me for a small flesh of cynicism here if some of them have been more interested in simply being able to say they had actually spoken to you?
Grace Tame
Oh definitely.
Kerry O’Brien
We have got to have some hope that you are going to be listened to.
Grace Tame
I have spoken to a lot and am going to be speaking with a lot more. And I, look, I treat everybody, regardless whether they are the Prime Minister, or whoever they are, we’re all people, right, and I treat everyone ‑‑
Kerry O’Brien
Some of us are more people than others, but go on.
Grace Tame
Some of us need more empathy training than others. But I do, I treat everyone on a case‑by‑case basis. And I have spoken to a lot of people who I do feel are genuinely interested in this, in pursuing this, at both the state and federal level. Others are just saying what they think needs to be said because it is convenient for them. And I’m not going to name names. I don’t need to.
Kerry O’Brien
Are you impressed by the flurry of activity in Canberra this week, more women in cabinet, lots of promises to address the wrongs?
Grace Tame
Look, I think it is really important to remain hopeful, but at the same time we need to be careful not to be naively misled by actions that are quite calculated distractions posing as solutions. (Applause). This is not really a gendered issue. There is an imbalance. Women are worse off. But, you know, equal representation is not going to address the abuse of power that is at the heart of this. (Applause). It is what it is, abuse of power. And in fact, the new Assistant Minister for Women supported a fake rape crisis tour aimed at falsifying all counts of sexual abuse on campuses across the nation. And needless to say, that came at a great expense to student survivors who are already traumatised. And the same new Assistant Minister supported a woman who was honoured last year at the Australia Day honours. A woman who gave a platform to the paedophile who abused me, who sat and laughed with this paedophile while they discussed crimes against children, including rape and possession of child pornography.
Kerry O’Brien
Mmm.
Grace Tame
And that, that’s a woman who’s been put into a position of great power. She’s been given this new portfolio.
Kerry O’Brien
The thing is that what we’re talking about, the crimes against women and girls, one of the big questions it seems to me is whether it is the symptoms of the disease that dominate, or the disease itself, and we’re trying to work out solutions. It is about trying to define what the disease is, or what the illness is to treat, isn’t it? I mean, how do you define it? What is at the core here? You’ve talked about abuse of power. Is that what is at the core?
Grace Tame
Yes.
Kerry O’Brien
So, the places to address that abuse of power, one would assume, are in the bodies that make the laws. That is the parliaments. In the institutions that police the laws, and that is the police, and those who rule on the law, which is the justice system. So how will you measure change in police practice and the courts?
Grace Tame
Oh, that’s a ‑‑
Kerry O’Brien
Because it is one thing to be out there trying to maintain the rage and maintain the focus and to keep the voices going and to keep the impetus going, but you do need to be pausing every now and then to see whether you’re actually making progress, don’t you. So how will you judge that? How will you measure change?
Grace Tame
That’s really hard to say. But, you know, we’ve already seen at least on a small scale, you know, in Tasmania, we campaigned to change the law and we succeeded. And we just have to keep going.
Kerry O’Brien
And that has snowballed to other states.
Grace Tame
Has snowballed to other states as well. And that’s what happens. Sometimes, I think, you know, even when outcomes are not clearly defined the most important thing is in unifying, in coming together, because that in and of itself is an outcome.
Kerry O’Brien
Because police culture is a tough one to crack.
Grace Tame
It is.
Kerry O’Brien
I think we can reasonably assume there is an awful lot of decent policemen. But just the way the system functions, resourcing, education of police, all of those things, and then lawyers, and judges who have been lawyers, these are tough nuts to crack.
Grace Tame
Yeah, and I think that we have to ‑‑ I mean we have to accept this is a marathon.
Kerry O’Brien
You do marathons, don’t you?
Grace Tame
Yes, I do.
Kerry O’Brien
So, you know what you’re talking about.
Grace Tame
Sort of.
Kerry O’Brien
Rosie Batty used her time as Australian of the Year to continue her campaign against domestic violence. And she’s been an absolute stand out, too. She gave 250 speeches through that year without a great deal of structured support for what she’d taken on. She said she was trolled within an inch of her life and worries whether you’ll have enough support in taking on one of society’s most confronting issues, which I’m sure will bring the uglies out at some point, if it hasn’t already.
Grace Tame
Oh definitely.
Kerry O’Brien
Are you prepared for that and has it already started?
Grace Tame
Yeah. I mean, I was abused by a paedophile. Nothing is worse than that.
Kerry O’Brien
But I mean since you’ve gone public.
Grace tame
Yeah.
Kerry O’Brien
So, you can cop it all because that was as bad as it gets?
Grace Tame
Yeah. It doesn’t ‑‑ it never, never, never measures up to the love that’s out there. It just never does. (Applause).
Kerry O’Brien
The trolling and the ugliness. No. What have you learnt about yourself through this highly intense emotional rollercoaster?
Grace Tame
I have a lot of resilience. Um, I don’t know. I’m just a human‑being like everybody else. I think it is definitely, yeah ‑‑ it has ‑‑ oddly it has grounded me.
Kerry O’Brien
Right.
Grace Tame
Yeah.
Kerry O’Brien
That’s interesting.
Grace Tame
Yeah.
Kerry O’Brien
Why do you think that is?
Grace Tame
I don’t know.
Kerry O’Brien
How do you define that grounding?
Grace Tame
It has given me a huge wealth of life experience on which to draw, you know, perspective and a sense of proportion in life of what really is important and what isn’t. And the most important thing is love, connection with family. It is all quite simple really.
Kerry O’Brien
Well, in a way you’ve answered my next question but I’m going to ask it anyway: fame and celebrity can be destructive forces and the sudden exposure can be overwhelming, and although you had some build up to it the exposure of the past couple of months has been extraordinary and it is going to continue. I’m not sure how you prepare yourself for that when you are not expecting it. So ,my sort of punch line for this one is how are you keeping yourself centred and you’ve answered it.
Grace Tame
He’s sitting over there.
Kerry O’Brien
Well, there’s a lot on his shoulders, too, then. What has the trauma inflicted on you at 15 cost you in the long‑term, and is it truly with you for life? Can you shed it?
Grace Tame
It is. It is really with you for life. And I think I joked with you before I liken trauma to being like a psychological cold sore; it is always there. You know, it can lie dormant for a long time, years even, but it can be triggered at any given moment, even if you are taking active measures to be healthy and keep it at bay. Yes, it is always with you, but that’s not necessarily a negative thing. It doesn’t define you either. It is just a part of you. Yeah, that’s the answer.
Kerry O’Brien
And you just got to hack it?
Grace Tame
Hack it, yes.
Kerry O’Brien
I’m going to end with a quote and it is your quote: “It is so powerful and empowering to be respected and honoured as a survivor. I’m filled with hope. You don’t have to be defined by the experience in a negative way, you can be shaped by it in a positive way. Survivors can see the light.” Just flesh that out for me a little, just a little.
Grace Tame
Well, it is sort of like I was saying before, you don’t have to be defined by it, but as a source of great strength, you know like I was saying before. Having gone through that horrible negative experience has, you know, hardened me in a way. You know, there’s nothing, I doubt, obviously never say never, but I doubt I will ever be confronted or, you know, have to deal with that level of evil ever again in my life. And if I do, I can draw on that experience. And it has also been a source of great connection with fellow survivors. And that’s a strength in and of itself, that bonding. It is, it has taught me so many lessons about humanity, about the world. And it is, it has been a beautiful thing to be able to ‑‑ it is a privilege to be able to teach other people, and so I am in a lot of ways very grateful for having that experience that’s opened up my world in that way.
Kerry O’Brien
Grace Tame thank you very much for sharing your story with us. (Applause).
Ned Pankhurst
Thank you. My name is Ned Pankhurst and I’m Chair of the Board of the Home of the Arts, and it is my pleasure to offer a vote of thanks. Although I think you’ve already stolen the thunder. Normally I wouldn’t be doing this, this is a duty that our CEO, Criena Gehrke, would be normally undertaking, but she unfortunately has been in Brisbane, like a number of people who couldn’t attend tonight, so she sends her apologies. So, the duty has fallen to me, which I’m happy to perform. And I think you would all agree that we’ve heard a presentation tonight from Grace that shows great bravery, great candour, is extremely powerful, but I think the thing that struck me as much as anything, Grace, is the exquisite clarity that you bring to the issues and how you make it so easy for us ‑ (Applause) ‑ to understand what is important and what’s not important. And I think that’s going to be incredibly critical as the conversation unfolds. We’re also appreciate and are humbled by the fact that it is a very personal story that you bring to us, but I think we also have equal clarity of how important it is that you have done that, and we thank you for that. So, to both Grace and to Kerry, it has been a privilege to hear the conversation tonight and we thank you very much for sharing that with us. And we’re absolutely delighted that you have been able to share the time with Griffith and HOTA in the conversation series. So, thank you very much, indeed. (Applause). As Julianne mentioned at the initiation event tonight, counsellors will be available in the Panorama Room and the Basement post event. Please speak to a member of our front of house staff if you would like to be directed to those rooms. Finally, the next talk in our ‘Better Future For All’ series will take place here on 29th of April with Professor John Rasko, internationally‑acclaimed leader in gene and stem cell therapies. So again, thank you, Grace. Thank you, Kerry. Thank you, everyone, for coming tonight under difficult circumstances. Good evening.
When it comes to connections with the Pacific islands region, Queensland is the Australian state that can lead the way. By virtue of geography, history, demography, cultural links, sporting connections and much more, Queensland has a wealth of resources to draw on and share to build deep and meaningful relationships with the Blue Pacific continent.
Among the Australian states, Queensland is the one best placed to take the lead on expanding and deepening links with Pacific island countries. Queensland’s historical connections with the Pacific are problematised as a result of blackbirding, the legacy of which remains and requires further attention. However, the existing links between Queensland and countries in the Pacific islands region are many and varied. They provide a strong basis for future engagement and there are many opportunities to be explored and capitalised upon.
One of the biggest assets that Queensland has is the number of Pacific islanders (and those who claim Pacific islander heritage) who live in the state. Within this broad and diverse community are individuals and groups who are maintaining important links with their countries of birth and heritage. This takes many forms, including:
remittances to support family members in Pacific island countries;
collective action to provide support to disaster response efforts;
developing businesses that procure primary and value-added products from home countries; and
providing support to people from their countries who are visiting for education, work, or other purposes.
“The Queensland Parliament has strong partnerships with the parliaments of Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu. These form the basis of visits, study tours and mutual exchanges. All of these activities provide a good introduction for Queensland parliamentarians to countries that are as easy to get to as many places in Australia (or easier).”
There are certainly some very strong indications that in Pacific island countries, there is appetite for greater engagement with Queensland. When the Hon. Jeremiah Manele, Foreign Minister of Solomon Islands came to open his country’s Consulate General in 2019, he referred to Brisbane as “Solomon Islands’ gateway to Australia”. This was a nice dovetail to PM Scott Morrison’s speech at Lavarack Barracks in 2018, where he described Queensland as the ‘gateway’ for Australia’s Pacific step-up.
Since then, we have already seen that Queensland will play a pivotal role in supporting an increased focus on regional security as a defence industry hub.
There are several business councils that work to promote business linkages with Pacific island countries, and they all have their secretariat in Brisbane making them particularly accessible to businesses in Queensland. It is no secret that the Federal government sees the Australian private sector as having a significant role to play in taking forward relationships with Pacific island countries. From a Pacific perspective, this needs to be increasingly structured around how Australian businesses can include Pacific products in their value chains. There are numerous examples of this already happening in Queensland and Trade and Invest Queensland has a huge opportunity to do more and better in this space.
A significant component of the “Pacific step-up” is the role of labour mobility via the Seasonal Worker Program (SWP) and the Pacific Labour Scheme (PLS). In the 2018/19 financial year more than 60% of the visas awarded under the SWP were for workers who had been approved to take up roles in Queensland. As expected, the resumption of labour mobility from the Pacific to Australia has been an early and significant part of economic recovery from the impacts of COVID-19 in Australia and in sending countries in the region. Queensland has been at the forefront of this. Whilst it is reasonable to expect that the benefits of these programs will spread to other states over time, it is likely that Queensland will remain at the forefront of labour mobility for the foreseeable future.
Tess is a dual citizen of Vanuatu and the United Kingdom. She is a former Lecturer in Law at the University of the South Pacific. She has lived and worked in the Pacific islands region for almost 25 years, with most of that time spent living in Vanuatu.
Tess’ research interests focus on politics, policy and development in the Pacific islands region. She has provided research. strategic advice and policy support to national governments, regional organisations (including the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat) and development partners (including the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the United Nations, and the governments of Australia and New Zealand).
“[Tiny houses] have significant potential to be a catalyst for infill development, either as tiny house villages, or by relaxing planning schemes to allow owners and tenants to situate well-designed tiny houses on suburban lots.”
Yet, to date, research begun in 2014 shows no appreciable increase in Australia in the proportion of people actually living in tiny houses, including the archetypal tiny houses on wheels.
That’s despite the tiny house movement continuing to gain in popularity over the past decade, buoyed by Facebook, YouTube and Instagram. Google Trends indicates the level of interest shows no sign of abating. A Tiny Homes Carnival in Sydney in March 2020 attracted more than 8,000 people to see tiny houses for sale and listen to tiny house celebrities such as Bryce Langdon of Living Big in a Tiny House and Zack Griffin and John Weisbath of Tiny House Nation.
https://youtu.be/z2_zGa1sAhE
But that popularity isn’t translating into more people living in tiny houses. Data from four surveys of the tiny house community (the latest in February 2021) show the proportion of respondents living in tiny houses remains under 20% (fewer than 200 people). It hasn’t grown in the past seven years.
The surveys were posted as links to tiny house social media sites, so of course the findings cannot be extrapolated to the whole community. Nonetheless, most tiny house advocates in Australia belong to these groups.
What’s stopping people moving into tiny houses?
Some in the movement argue this is due to obstacles such as restrictive planning policies and difficulties in getting finance and secure access to land. In response, some local governments – Cairns and Byron Bay, for example – have published helpful fact sheets and guides.
However, in a recently published research paper in Housing Studies, we argue even if these obstacles were removed, we might not see a big increase in tiny house living, especially in tiny houses on wheels. We reached this conclusion based on what people who are part of the movement, including our survey respondents, said about their motivations and aspirations.
They had three main motivations:
having access to affordable housing,
achieving a degree of economic freedom,
living in a more environmentally sustainable way.
In reality, professionally built (off-the-shelf) tiny houses on wheels can cost three times more per square metre than standard houses. The most popular size for a tiny house on wheels is 7.2-by-2.4 metres, which is around 27 square metres (including loft space). That can cost upwards of A$80,000.
Of course many build their tiny houses fully or partly themselves, which can greatly reduce costs.
Photo: Paul VanDerWerf CC BY 2.0
It’s more about people’s values
We suggest that for many (but certainly not all) members of the movement, their strongest commitment is to their principles and aspirations, rather than to a particular type of dwelling. Some research indicates that tiny house dwellers live a more sustainable lifestyle even after moving to another type of dwelling.
One of the important benefits of tiny house living was the opportunity to be part of a rather ill-defined “community”. The most recent survey unpacked this concept of community. For over 90% of respondents this meant living in a defined area with other tiny house dwellers.
As one respondent said, their ideal was “to share land with a group of tinies, without caravan park zoning”. We found more generally this meant a place with shared access to facilities such as vegetable gardens, workshops, tool sheds and community areas. So, this research casts doubt on claims that tiny houses represent a major solution to the housing affordability crisis, held back mainly by cumbersome local council regulations and a lack of tailored finance.
Nicholas Boullosa, CC BY 2.0
Reforms would still be welcome
This is not to say better regulation and finance would not be welcome.
Reforms could include amendments to the National Construction Code. These include ensuring tiny houses are structurally sound, energy-efficient and achieve a minimum bushfire attack level rating.
Local councils could also look more favourably on tiny houses on wheels. This would be subject to certain conditions, including the control of environmental waste and the creation of an appropriate local rates category.
Given the interest in community living, councils could also consider relaxing restrictions on multiple dwellings on larger properties. This would enable a degree of communal living, perhaps in peri-urban areas.
These changes would help many aspiring tiny house dwellers achieve their dream.
Nicholas Boullosa, CC BY 2.0
Highlighting questions of housing choice
Perhaps the most significant contribution the tiny house movement has made so far has been in opening up an important debate about housing choice. It has raised important questions, including:
Are smaller but well-designed homes better than big and poorly designed ones?
How can we support the market in providing much more diverse housing (in terms of size, tenure, price and so on)?
Should we become more tolerant of well-designed and innovative infill developments to rectify the “missing middle” – the lack of low-rise, medium-density housing options such as townhouses and duplexes – in our cities?
Can tiny houses help meet the housing needs of particular groups such as single older people who would like to live near each other but not necessarily under the same roof?
“In encouraging this debate, the tiny house movement’s greatest contribution might be to remind us of economist E.F. Schumacher’s famous principle that small is beautiful and more sustainable.”
Authors
Dr Heather Shearer is a Research Fellow in the Urban Research Program at Griffith University.
Heather’s PhD investigated household response to water demand policy. She also has a Masters in Environmental Management and BA (Hons) in Environmental Science. I am also a JP (Qual) and a member of the Planning Institute of Australia.
Heather is currently researching various aspects of urban sustainability, including housing affordability, water and energy use, environmental behaviour and attitudes to climate change.
Paul Burton is Professor of Urban Management and Planning, Griffith University. Paul trained and worked as a Town Planner in London in the 1970s before joining the School for Advanced Urban Studies at the University of Bristol in 1980 to carry out research for my PhD on the redevelopment of London’s Docklands.
Paul joined Griffith University as Professor of Urban Management and Planning and is currently Director of the Cities Research Institute at Griffith University. I was a founding member of Regional Development Australia, Gold Coast and currently serve as Vice President of the Queensland division of the Planning Institute of Australia.
Dr Lara Herrero
Eugene Madzokere is a final year PhD Candidate in Virology at the 
Professor Julian Meyrick
Dr Tony Matthews
Tim Nelson
Joel Gilmore
Dr Tess Newton Cain
Dr Heather Shearer
Paul Burton